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Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of clinical trial failure and drug withdrawal from the market, calling for better scalable preclinical systems to assess hepatotoxicity and guide drug safety testing.

Which of the following affirmations is plausible?

A. Chimeric mice with humanised livers might potentially overcome the gap in predicting human pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and in vivo safety

B. Human primary hepatocytes are considered the “gold-standard” for drug metabolism and toxicity testing in vitro, because they retain the hepatocyte-specific functions and metabolic capacity for a long time in culture

C. “Liver-on-a-chip” models are ideal for high-throughput screening studies

D. Zebrafish allows for large-scale phenotypic studies and imaging of the liver in vivo, but fail to mimic the physiological processes of the mammalian liver, including hepatic drug metabolization

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